Potassium Sorbate as a Biocide | Evaluation

Potassium Sorbate as a Biocide | Evaluation Assessment of Potassium Sorbate as a Biocide to Reduce Viability of Total Airborne Fungi in a Higher Educational Building of Computer Studies Jawline Ming Er1,a *, N. M. Sunar 2,b, Abdul Mutalib Leman2,c, Othman Norzila1,d, Quin Emparan1,e, Umi Kalthsom1,f, Paran Gani1,g, Nurul Azreen Jamal1,h 1Department of Water And Environmental Engineering (DWEE), Faculty of Civil And Environmental Engineering (FKAAS), University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia 2Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology (FTK), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia Watchwords: Indoor Air Quality, form remediation, bioactive mixes. Dynamic In nations which are muggy consistently, shape is a typical issue that can happen even on a PC console. It is foul and may harm the PC consoles. It is brought about by parasitic spores noticeable all around. It can likewise influence occupants’ strength. This examination is meant to assess the productivity of potassium sorbate to lessen practicality of indoor airborne parasites in a higher instructive structure of PC investigations of a college situated at Southern Peninsular Malaysia. Malt extricate agar (MEA) was consolidated with the biocide and was utilized for air inspecting of organisms at 3 distinct destinations of the structure including outside. The adequacy of the biocide was assessed by looking at the rewarded agar against the untreated agar. It was plainly demonstrated that the biocide can adequately diminish the quantities of province framing units of the airborne parasites at all 3 tried destinations (>70% averagely) on the rewarded culture media, while the un treated media at all three locales was colonized by organisms with various focus. Presentation Indoor airborne parasitic defilement is an extremely regular issue these days. Its essence carries a great deal of issues to indoor tenants, building proprietors or directors as it influences the indoor air quality (IAQ) of those contaminated structures and it has been related with undesirable manifestations including migraine, asthma, hypersensitivity and aggravation impacts, respiratory issues, mycoses (parasitic illnesses) and a few other vague medical issues [1]. IAQ is characterized as the air quality inside an encased structure that prompts the solace and wellbeing of its occupiers [2]. It is a significant worry as the vast majority in the created and creating nations, for example, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and others, invested a large portion of their energy indoor in either workplaces, production lines, homes or instructive structures. It has been evaluated that inexact 10% of individuals worldwide and 5% of the populace in modern nations have contagious hypersensitivities [3,4]. A few organisms, for example, Aspergillus versicolor and Stachybotrys chartarum can deliver mycotoxins and have been related with debilitated structure condition [1] Many creature considers have affirmed that mycotoxins are related with cancer-causing, invulnerable suppressive, and different properties [5]. Parasites discharge minuscule spores that glide through the air and land on different areas to duplicate. At the point when they choose soggy surfaces, the spores can shape new form settlements. In the event that these airborne parasitic spores or mycotoxins are breathed in into bronchia and alveoli, they will be lysed and the human body in this manner presented to the essential and optional metabolites [6]. Inward breath introduction has been proposed to cause intense kidney disappointment, harm of the upper respiratory tract, and foca l sensory system harm [7]. Therefore, the presence of these parasites is excruciating in indoor condition. Organisms can become anyplace over a wide-extending temperature with adequate supplements and dampness [8]. Subsequently, indoor form issue has since a long time ago existed in yearlong warm and muggy nations like Malaysia and other Southeast Asian nations. In past exploration, airborne parasites development was found in a high moist room (relative stickiness ~87%) in a higher instructive structure of PC concentrates after customary remediation, for example, cleanser cleaning and changing of the influenced roof sheets [9]. It is perilous since scientists recommended that the odds of transmitting the tainting microorganisms through utilizing of PCs in a college setting is possibly extraordinary because of the tremendous use of PC consoles that are not routinely disinfected by various clients day by day [10]. The investigation additionally shows that the traditional remediation is anything but a drawn out answer for go around the indoor airborne parasitic defilement. Notwithstanding, g reen arrangements are expected to lessen the practicality of the airborne parasites and along these lines the presence of auxiliary metabolites of growths in indoor setting so as to make sure about the nature of instructing and learning among teachers and understudies in a college building. Recently, a bioactive compound from food industry, potassium sorbate had been demonstrated to have the option to control the development of two organism species (Chaetomium globosum and Alternaria exchange) disengaged from an indoor waterborne covering [11]. It is proposed to be successful against airborne parasites as well. Thusly, this investigation meant to assess the capacity of potassium sorbate as a biocide to render the suitability of indoor airborne organisms in a higher instructive structure of PC investigations of a college situated at Southern Peninsular Malaysia. Materials and Methods Choice of Testing Sites. The indoor airborne parasitic examples were taken from another appointing higher instructive structure of PC investigations of a college in Johor, Malaysia that had been distinguished of having microbial development in indoor condition from past examination [9]. Three destinations were chosen by stroll through investigation. They were each to speak to a microbial-sullied site (A), moderately somewhat polluted site (B) and outside (O) of the structure. The area for open air inspecting was as close as conceivable to the outside air admission for the essential air taking care of framework for the structure [12]. Biocide Antifungal Activity. The antifungal action of the potassium sorbate as a biocide was assessed via air examining with biocide-rewarded and untreated culture media which considers that the grouping of the reasonable parasites can be spoken to by settlement framing unit (CFU) examination as the computation underneath: CFU/m3 = [Number of settlements x 1000] Ã · [Sampling time (min) x Flow rate (L/min)]. (1) The airborne organisms tests were gathered utilizing a BioStage single-stage reasonable course impactor (SKC, USA) joined to a SKC QuickTake 30 Sample Pump (SKC, USA) onto Malt Extract Agar (MEA) plates with 0.03% (w/v) biocide at a stream pace of 28.3 L/min according to necessity of National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) expressed in strategy NIOSH Manual Analytical Standard Method (NMAM 0800). The impactor was situated at the focal point of the examining area at a tallness of 1.0 to 1.5 meter over the floor. Each example was acquired more than brief periods. A similar strategy was completed with control MEA without biocides. The two sorts of testing with rewarded and untreated MEA were done in triplicate at each site around the same time during available time and within the sight of indoor inhabitants. The air samplings at various destinations were done on various week. The examples were broke down for complete airborne organisms tally by brooding them at 37Â °C for 5 days and checking of the state framed was done from that point. Results and Discussions The feasibility of all out airborne organisms on the biocide-rewarded MEA was effectively decreased by 76.2% averagely whenever contrasted with their practicality on control MEA without biocide (Fig. 1). Eminently, potassium sorbate indicated the best execution at the somewhat defiled site, which had the most minimal all out airborne organisms on control MEA, by effectively lessening the practicality of all out indoor airborne growths by 84.2% on biocide-rewarded MEA. In the mean time, its exhibition dropped when the mean centralizations of all out airborne organisms on control MEA increment. The level of decrease of practicality of all out airborne organisms at the tainted site and outside of the structure are 63.9% and 80.4% individually. The outcomes demonstrate that potassium sorbate can demonstrate the best execution to control absolute indoor airborne organisms focuses in the event that it is applied in a spotless situation. This is as per the capacity of potassium sorbate in w ine-production industry to forestall a second maturation through rendering any enduring yeast unequipped for using and duplicating [13]. Henceforth, it is recommended that this biocide is truly appropriate to be applied along with and after ordinary remediation of indoor parasitic sullying intermittently. Fig. 1: Comparison of practicality of all out airborne organisms on biocide-rewarded and untreated MEA. As per Industry Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality (ICOP-IAQ 2010) set by Department of Occupational Safety and Health Malaysia, the greatest introduction breaking point of complete indoor airborne growths focuses is 1000 CFU/m3. Any estimation of the groupings of indoor airborne parasites that draws near or more than 500 CFU/m3 can be additionally considered as a potential wellbeing risk. In this examination, this number was effectively diminished to beneath 100 CFU/m3 at two of the three testing locales and underneath 200 CFU/m3 at the sullied site. These decreases may be because of high dissolvability of this biocide in water of development media to change over to sorbic corrosive that shows strong antifungal properties with different method of activity, for example, hereditary changes, adjustment of morphological structure of cell, restraint of proteins and cell transport forms [14]. These after-treatment’s numbers recommends that potassium sorbate is a legitimate bioc ide to keep up the groupings of absolute indoor airborne organisms at a satisfactory solid level for people. In a higher instructive structure of PC examines, PCs are constantly shared. Contacts of PC parts particularly PC keyb

French Oral Essays - Bref, Hollywood Girls, , Term Papers

French Oral Bonjour, aujourd'hui je vais parler de la mama strive et moi. J'ai un fr?re et une s?ur. J'obtiens le long tr?s bien avec mama s?ur qu'elle est brillante! J'ai plaisir l'?tude; mon sujet de favori ? l'?cole est des maths et GNVQ IL. J'aime les deux sujets, comme je les comprends tr?s bien. ? l'avenir je voudrais avoir un travail de agency, li? au walk? des activities. Apr?s que mon GCSES je volont? si tout va bien haut assez de cat?gories ? aller ? l'universit?. Je voudrais faire Un-niveau dans les maths et un GNVQ avanc? dans les affaires et ELLES. J'esp?re ?galement aller ? l'universit?. Dans mon temps disponible, j'ai plaisir ? ?couter la musique, les achats et sortir avec mes amis. J'ai un petit ami et il habite ? Londres est. Ainsi elle est parfois un peu une lutte pour le voir. Il a des ans de seize et est occup? ? ?tudier dur pour child GCSES. J'aime ?galement surfer la musique Internet et t?l?chargeant pour ?couter, plut?t que de l'acheter, vehicle je puis entendre les derni? res nouvelles pistes des USA qui ne sont pas dehors ici reprise. J'habite dans Kingsbury, une ville ? Londres du Nord-ouest; J'ai v?cu ici pendant environ cinq ann?es. J'ai une maison ? quatre chambres, avec deux salles de bains, dont un est un ensuite, un jardin, pi?ce dinante, cooking, carport et une salle vivante. J'aime mama maison, comme elle a ?t? nouvellement construite, ainsi tout est tout ? fait moderne. Mama pi?ce a ?t? d?cor?e d'une arrangement de marguerite. C'est mama couleur de favori, bleue. Dans mama vieille maison, j'avais l'habitude de partager une salle avec mama s?ur, maintenant j'ai mama propre pi?ce.

Dualism and idealistic monism Essay Example for Free

Dualism and hopeful monism Essay In reasoning and all the more explicitly power, dualism has been characterized as the conviction that two essential and contrary kinds of things that make up the universe; hopeful monism contends rather that the universe is comprised of only a certain something, and that is the domain of thoughts or the brain. Consequently, in the event that one were to shortsightedly express the distinction among dualism and optimistic monism, one may contend that dualism represents the idea of body versus mind though hopeful monism represents only the brain similar to the sole segment of everything. Monism by and large infers the conviction that the Universe isn't comprised of oppositely inverse ideas or elements, however only one thing that can have numerous signs yet in its basic nature, continues as before. While hopeful monism contends that everything is made up the psyche or thoughts, materialistic monism expresses that lone the physical domain makes up everything, and the psychological can be at last decreased to the physical too. Plato contended that there exists a domain of thoughts where there are types of thoughts that the Universe generally reflects, and that these unchanging thoughts are better and everlasting as restricted than the transient articles themselves. Along these lines, he contended the possibility of something is more genuine than the thing itself. He likewise said that the psyche is indistinguishable with the spirit, however that the spirit pre-exists and endures the body. Afterward, Berkeley and Kant added to the talk of optimism by concurring that all the indications of all that occurs in the physical world have its root in the psyche and in the domain of thoughts. The dualists’ contention of all the truth being separated among issue and psyche appears to be maybe the most regular, in any event from the start, in light of the fact that in the physical world the differentiations between the brain and matter are so plainly discernable. Individuals will in general consider the to be as independent substances and perceive how one may work even as the other can't, if there should arise an occurrence of sickness or wounds. Additionally, through the ages, legends and religion have constantly made an understood differentiation between two powers that oversee the functions of the universe: great and insidious, altruistic and vindictive, mortal and unceasing. In this way, it is straightforward why these contentions might be viewed as real. Be that as it may, dualism discusses an exceptionally outrageous universe where there don’t appear to be any hazy areas that combine these extraordinary ideas of kindheartedness and malignance or body and psyche. Monism properties unity in the whole Universe. The defenders of monism have included Parmenides, Melissus, and Spinoza and all the more as of late, Horgan and Potrc. They hold that there truly is only one thing that causes everything to up, and that it is amazingly mind boggling in the quantity of varieties it can take. Hopeful monism represents the idea that this â€Å"one thing† is the cognizance or the domain of the brain, from where everything else is considered and along these lines given physical shape. In the event that the psyche had not brainstormed something, it would not exist in either the psychological or the physical plane. In this manner, whatever is physical can be brought essentially to the psychological domain and said to have started from that point. At the most essential level, in this way, all reality for the optimist monist starts in the brain as a thought, and this thought is more genuine than any physical structures that it may bring forth, since it is unceasing and can't ever kick the bucket or stop to be. Thusly, thoughts structure the whole universe and will keep on doing as such as ages of people live beyond words. I imagine that vision is more conceivable than dualism. Initially, I don't concur with the dualist boundaries that are constantly incongruent and as a total of alternate extremes that make up the universe. I don't figure the universe can be clarified as essentially as that, on the grounds that at numerous focuses these two boundaries do appear to join and exist together in a manner so as not to appear to be completely incongruent. It seems increasingly conceivable to me that the domain of the psyche is more â€Å"real† than everything else in light of the fact that thoughts are endless and make up the world. In this way, I will in general concur with the monist perspective †about a world that is mind boggling however is comprised of the domain of thoughts that are changeless. Monistic way of thinking appears to grasp the presence of apparently opposing things in a manner that is substantially more tolerating and more extensive than the dualistic view.

NetSol Techologies History and vision - Free Essay Example

NetSol Technologies, Inc. was founded in the year 1995 by three brothers; Salim Ghauri, Najeeb Ghauri, and Naeem Ghauri, each of whom was a successful professional in his own right. Having started out with humble beginnings in the city of Lahore, NetSol soon grew to a sizable business having operations in Australia, China, Pakistan, Thailand, UK, and a headquarters in California, USA. In 1996 NetSol got its big break, when it was awarded a major offshore contract with Mercedes Benz Thailand, many more such contracts were to follow. Focusing on quality NetSol went on to attain the ISO 9001 and ISO 27001 certifications in 1998 and 2008 respectively, and in 2006 it achieved CMMI Level 5 certification, a distinction shared by fewer than 100 companies worldwide. NetSol was also the first US Company to dual list on both the NASDAQ Capital Market and the Dubai International Financial Exchange DIFX, which became NASDAQ Dubai in 2008. 1.2 Vision Statement Our vision is to become a leading digital security organization in Pakistan providing support in securing the digital boundaries of Pakistan. 1.3 Mission Statement Deliver high quality, innovative and best-in-class IT solutions and services to help our customers achieve their business objectives and operational efficiencies. CONCLUSION This chapter was all about introduction of NetSol. In next chapter Business operations of NetSol will be explained. CHAPTER NO 2 BUSINESS OPERATION Chapter Outline Second chapter of this report is devoted to the business operations of NetSol. In this chapter first departmental structure of NetSol is discussed. I also offer SWOT analysis of NetSol. Marketing and competitive strategy is also offered in this chapter. In the end of this chapter I interpreted businesses process analysis of NetSol in which I thoroughly discussed the HR department. Figure 2.1 Organizational Structures (Organizational Chart) 2.2 SWOT Analysis It is the analysis of the strengths weaknesses opportunities and threats of NetSol Tech. While doing the SWOT analysis that what are the areas where a company is better off than other and what are the areas where it lacks. 2.2.1 Strengths 2.2.1.1 Exponential Growth It is growing rapidly, joint ventures, acquisitions, and contracts are giving it a fast growth rate. 2.2.1.2 Highly Skilled Human Resource at Low-Cost Work force in Pakistan is cheap than the advanced countries of the world so they are able to explore this workforce by providing training to it. 2.2.1.3 Access to Quick Communications Optical network and satellite links are available all over the world. Company can coordinate with its offices also customers. 2.2.1.4 Blue Chip Clients Many of the fortune 500 are its clients who want innovation and quality which NetSol is doing. So it is not easy for its customers to switch to others. 2.2.1.5 Sound Organizational Structure Organizational structure of NetSol helps it flourish every department works on its own. 2.2.1.6 First Pakistani Company to Achieve CMMI level 5 Assessment in Pakistan Since it has achieved CMMI level 5 assessments for the first time in Pakistan, this will help the company to enlarge its customers in Pakistan. 2.2.1.7 Strong Financial Position Company is financially strong so has the ability to meet the increase in demand by increasing the operations. 2.2.1.8 Low Turnover NetSol gives more satisfaction to its employees by giving them extra benefits and incentives. Family like environment is given to the employees, so they do not want to leave the organization. 2.2.1 Weaknesses 2.2.2.1 Average Quality of Service Numerous companies of the world offer the products and services same as it is offering. It should offer unique ideas. 2.2.2.2 Small Market Segment of Customers Customers of NetSol are few big companies; if some of them switch to others it will create problems for the company. 2.2.2.3 Least Focus on Pakistani Market NetSol has greater focus on foreign contracts and foreign customers. Pakistan is a big it market which it is not exploring to the highest degree as a result other companies of the world are taking the advantage. 2.2.2.4 Research and Development Programs on Small Bases It world is changing rapidly day by day and there is a need to spend much on research and development which it is not doing to that extant. 2.2.2 Opportunities 2.2.3.1 Huge International and National Market Its market in the world is large in size and is expanding day by day. NetSol can capture this increasing market. 2.2.3.2 Rapidly Increasing e-Governance in Government Sector in Pakistan Government of Pakistan is computerizing its operations; company can take it as a big customer. 2.2.3.3 Local Production Its operations are expanded to six large it economies, it can understand the local needs and provide the products as needed. 2.2.3.4 Adopt Latest Technologies and Techniques It is known for innovation, by adopting the latest technologies and techniques, it can provide better products and services. 2.2.3.5 Removal of International Trade Barriers Since the application of WTO international trade barriers are being removed day by day, it creates the opportunity to go to those economies which were not allowing the Pakistani products. 2.2.4 Threats 2.2.3.6 Recession in the World Economy World economy is in a big recession. Affording of the people is decreasing. As a result sales is reduced and companies are going into loses. So business has shrieked. 2.2.3.7 Political Issues, Security Concerns Due to security concerns people dont want to come to Pakistan and as a result NetSol has to send its representative to their countries for getting the contracts. On the other hand it is sending its employees to UK for training which is costly. 2.2.3.8 Sanctions on Pakistan Economic sanctions on Pakistani economy are imposed from time to time, it adversely affect the exports. 2.2.3.9 Copy Rights and Patent Violations Copy rights and patent violations cost the It companies especially. It cost them billions of dollars per year. 2.3. Marketing Strategy 2.3.1 Product First and foremost strategy of the company is to maintain quality and standard of the existing products and services, their development, meeting demands of the market has become a great challenge for the company. It offers more than 10 products and services. 2.3.1.1 Perceived Quality Performance: The Companys performance in the whole is unmatched in terms of the solutions that they provide. The performance of NetSols products is also excellent. Features: The enterprise solutions, e- services consulting, and software solutions have numerous features which add value to the overall product diversification. Reliability: The reliability of NetSol products is a lot. Customers trust the products and services. NetSol has a make a promise and fulfill it ideology. They have a perfect track record on system delivery. The customers are delivered on time, exactly what they want. Durability: The NetSol products and services come with a guarantee of being excellently worked out and worked upon. The durability promise has been fulfilled for many years now. NetSol products are known nationally and internationally to be the best. 2.3.1.2 Creating Customer Value and Customization NetSol creates customer value, by adding up exactly those features, the customer desires in the product. The products and services are made with such proficiency that they are efficient and generate value for the customer. The component of customization is obvious. This is because of the fact that the services and products provided by NetSol are such that without the customization it would not be feasible to use them in such dissimilar industries like automotive, chemical, textiles, Internet marketing, software, medical, banks, higher education and telecommunication links, and, financial services. 2.3.2 Price 2.3.2.1 Customer Price Perceptions The NetSol customers are usually large organizations their chief concern is to get the best in the class software, services and products. The price perceptions of NetSol clients are that they are charged for what they are being provided. 2.3.2.2 Value Pricing The products, and services provided by NetSol are priced according to their value. The products and services are developed according to the customer requirements and the quality is unmatched. The price that is being charged for the value creating products and services is perfect and appropriate. 2.3.2.3 Customer Sensitivity to Price The customer sensitivity to price is not much. The customers of NetSol products and services are not at all price conscious and they care more about the product quality rather than its price. The major cost drivers in the market are the infrastructure and the employees. 2.3.3 Place 2.3.3.1 Availability NetSol has established itself over the years as the best solution provider and the provider of best quality services and products. It has also established its basis significantly in the international market. The customers know NetSol and they know that they will be provided with the best services and products at NetSol. Thus the availability is not the concern, because the market presence of NetSol is significant. 2.3.3.2 Direct Channels The products and services of NetSol are delivered by the companys team dedicated for this task. The team goes for product delivery, installation and also user training. The products and services are provided on the date that is requested by the customer. There arent any delays or errors in this process. 2.3.4 Promotion 2.3.4.1 Advertising NetSol has started focusing on advertising which previously was not a major concern. The industry participation was there but as such advertising wasnt done. NetSol has already been working on the international marketing with development of global marketing departments which work intensively on the marketing strategies for the organization with due consideration to the country values and culture. 2.3.4.2 Event Marketing/Sponsorships NetSol has marketed itself in a lot of different domains for the services that it provides. NetSol has always shown its presence as a major sponsor IT events. They participate in IT exhibitions and events. They have shown participation in SOFTEC and other national and international IT extravaganzas. NetSol has been doing a lot of marketing and their campaigns have taken a higher gear for quite some years now. In Pakistan the media has provided significant coverage to NetSol and the CEO Mr.Saleem Ghauri has represented NetSol on all the prestigious of events and places. 2.3.4.3 Direct Response Advertising NetSol indulges in direct response advertising as well. There is a lot of advertising activity done online and via e-mails and broadcast media. Not much of telephonic and other types of advertising are done. But the advertising done directly is significant and plays a vital role. 2.3.4.4 Place Advertising The place advertising is very important and NetSol is very well aware of that. We do not see much billboards covered with NetSol and its offerings here in Pakistan but they do advertise internationally this way. On events like SOFTEC and other exhibitions NetSol has printed flexes and posters and hanging banners with the company logo which are large and very attractively designed. 2.3.5 Public Relations Public relations of NetSol are very well managed. They keep their customers very satisfied by unprecedented work quality and they show regular presence on major industry events by both participation and sponsorship. 2.4 Competitive Strategy 2.4.1 Competitors and Pricing The pricing is competitive. The industry is such that everyone knows what the other is charging and it basically depends on the type of the product or service being demanded by the customer. The major competitors of NetSol internationally are TATA, VIPRO etc. now NetSol has developed itself for the niche, and thus it does not matter essentially how products and services are priced. The competitive advantage that NetSol has over others is the quality. The pricing is competitive and there are no discounts offered to customers, but there are due negotiations done on the prices by both parties doing business. 2.5 Business process analysis 2.5.1 HR Department It was established in 1999 as an independent department. HR department was established to meet the following needs. Recruitment and selection Training and development 2.5.1.1 Objectives Its main objective was the following: To make the company equal opportunity employer. To determine HR needs both in short term and long term. To attract right pool of candidates. To generate new recruitment channels. To create good relationship with other departments. To gave best services to the employees. To maintain and keep database of quality applicants. 2.5.1.2 HR Functions at NetSol The HR department performs the following functions at NetSol, although the main heads are still the same but overall the following functions are performed by the HR department of NetSol. These include: Strategic HRM: Following are the areas of concern in this function: To set HR objectives/goals To formulate policies, procedures and strategies To forecast/plan the Human Resource Requirements to address the goals To design the skill set and knowledge base for Human Resources to accomplish the goals To create career paths for Human Resources To reward and retain the Human Resources Generation Implementation of Human Resource Policies: As a result mutual cooperation between departments a policy is formulated with consensus and implemented. Recruitment and selection: Generally recruitment is a very length process that starts from the time when a position is opened in any specific department. It can be proceed internally if the HR department gets a requisition from people already working in the company or it can be through the laborious process of CV scanning. Stages in Recruitment Process: Recruitment Program: NetSol is a well defined blend of seasoned as well as fresh talent all of which are inducted into the organization by either of the below listed ways, Regular Career Opportunities Fresh Graduates Hiring Management Trainee Program Internship Program Training and development: Training sessions are conducted within the company during the working hours. Employees are sent abroad (UK) for training/development. Training workshops are conducted from time to time. Performance Management: Performance appraisals are conducted on every 06 months basis. Mid year salary increments and promotion can be done on the basis of any previous commitment and performance during the period. Reports are formed, analysis work is done. Performance appraisal is carried out with the following objectives Employees are appraised on half yearly basis to check their current progress. Training needs of employees are identified for their career development. Need for compensation and reward is highlighted. ERM: ERM is much important part of HR functions. Employees are kept in contact so that their problems will be understood and (if possible) solved. So that they will work with consistency. Creating Job Satisfaction for employees: The employees satisfaction is catered in the following ways Employee Job Satisfaction Surveys Market Surveys Salary Structure Benefits/Perks Working Environment Growth Trends Job Security Demand and Supply Analysis of Resources Competitors SWOT Analysis EHS (Environment, Health Safety Management: NetSols businesses are environment friendly on the other hand it gives the facility of reimbursements for medical, transport, and other charges. Relationship Management: HR promotes sound relationships among all the NetSolians. The Relationship Management Program includes: Conclusion This chapter was about business operations of NetSol. How NetSol is competing with its competitors and what is its marketing and competitive strategy OF NetSol. In the next chapter, I will converse about my learning as a student intern. CHAPTER NO 3 LEARNING AS A STUDENT INTERN Outline In this chapter, I will discuss about my duties during internship at NetSol. My accomplishments, new knowledge I have gained during practical experience in a company of world repo, problems which I encountered in the way of completion of my internship are briefly discussed. In the end of this chapter, I talked about my experience and how this experience will impact my career in the future life. 3.1 Duties I worked in the HR department in the company for six weeks. During this tenure I was responsible for assisting the HR/Admin officer Momina Raza Abbasi in all her duties, she is responsible to perform, which includes reimbursements management, attendance management for this purpose using the eRMS, assisting In the process of hiring (scheduling interviews, making interview calls, conducting tests, marking them etc.) And the admin tasks include providing stationary, forwarding complaints of machine or other equipments if not working or need to be repaired or replaced. 3.2 Accomplishments It was a great time for to work in NetSol. The team I was working with was very friendly and cooperative they helped me out in all this process. Whenever I need help there was no one to refuse it. I did the following tasks assigned to me by my boss well in time to show my enthusiasm. Reimbursements were filed well in time. I updated the attendances using eRMS whose requesting mails were received by me. I made interview/test calls to the applicants. I prepared word documents and ppt. slides for the training session. I catalogued the library books and maintained it also kept the record of it. I fevered the complaints of employees to the concerning departments. I was involved in the organizing the parties held in our departments. 3.3 New knowledge Acquired I had an opportunity to view the practical working of the organization spatially its HR department. I had practical implication of my theatrical knowledge. During my internship I had an opportunity to understand the environment of the organization by practical experience. Assignments and projects helped me to complete the assignment of preparing the training material. Subject BC helped me in every line because it was a training to improve the communication skills. HR courses were all the way with me as my whole internship was in HR department. 3.4 Problems Encountered Although internship in NetSol was a wonderful experience but I faced some problems during my internship. All the people there in the organization were from top institutions and highly qualified so I felt a bit confused, there was an issue of privacy there in the organization so they did not permit me to all the sectors of HR. On the other hand they are preferring three months internship in which the deal the intern as an employ, this is not the case with six weeks internship. 3.5 How Experience Impacts your Career Before the internship I had only theoretical knowledge not the practical, but now I have work experience of six weeks. I have an opportunity to remove my weaknesses I have seen during the internship so I will be able to better groom myself during last semester. When I will go back to the field I will be a strong candidate. Conclusion Glossary NASDAQ (North American Stocks, Dividends, and Quarterlys) 2 DIFX (Dubai International Financial Exchange) 3 CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integrated) 4 SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats) 5 KSA (Knowledge, Skills and Abilities) 6 ERM (Employee Relations Management) 7 EH SM (Environment, Health Safety Management) 8 ERMS (Environmental Remote Monitoring Subsystems)

Design Concept Requirements And Needs - 1618 Words

DESIGN CONCEPT Requirements needs In designing a building that evokes attraction and curiosity among public, the aim is to create interest in the stem cell research while introducing the technology to South Africa. The location of the building should be on an active node where people will be able to observe the building. The facility will be inviting to the public with exhibition space, public square, auditorium for medical conferences and house a cafe’ for the visitors and serve as a break hub and for scientist to cross exchange ideas. Opening the building for public use allows for transparency in the facility but yet it should be kept in mind to still maintain a controlled sterile environment. Urbanism The use of brownfield sites opens up new land within urban environments, but what if we can find an alternative to these sites for smaller developments. Bridges and roadways are much needed for movement within a city, but wastes vast amounts of habitable land and space. Is it possible to claim back some of the land that this network of movement in our cities consume? Figure 1: The site Selecting the site to occupy the land underneath a road way using the leftover space that we cannot see or even know exists like Medical researchers have to uncover stem cells found in bone marrow and manipulate them. The site can duplicate this process by ground works; uncovering the site and disrupting the existing structure of the bridge. This allows theShow MoreRelatedDesign Concept : Requirements And Needs1460 Words   |  6 Pages DESIGN CONCEPT Requirements needs Designing a building that evokes attraction and curiosity among public, the aim is to create interest in the stem cell research while introducing the technology to South Africa. The location of the building should be on an active node where people will be able to observe the building. The facility will be inviting to the public with exhibition space, public square, auditorium for medical conferences and house a cafe’ for the visitors and serve as a brakeRead MoreDesign And Develop The Hip Prosthesis With Cementless Fixation For Specific Breeds Of Dogs1481 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch aims to design and develop the hip prosthesis with cementless fixation for specific breeds of dogs. In order to find the solution systematically, several steps need to be taken as follows; 3.1 Data acquisition phase In this phase, it is necessary to study and investigate in depth in order to clarify what are the problems, the root causes and the requirements as well as other obligations. 3.2 Systematic design phase The result of the previous step will be extracted to many concepts for the solutionRead MoreRequirements Of Requirements And Requirements1431 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion 1: When writing a requirements document, it is important to understand what it is that you’re writing. Requirements documents must be hierarchical, and also must be consistent. Consistency is important, because one must be able to follow for whom he is defining requirements. System requirements vary significantly from stakeholder requirements. As the requirements are written, it is also important to maintain order along with consistency. If requirements are not ordered very specificallyRead MoreEssay on Intaraction of ENTJ (MBTI)1060 Words   |  5 Pagesinitially difficult. What will you do to bridge the gap in approaches so that, with some flexibility in the method of reaching the goal, both types can use their natural strengths? SDLC stage Extroverts Introverts Type Interaction Concept, High Level Requirements, Feasibility Analysis, Project Charter They try to get information from others. In this SDLC stage the communication is very important. Thus extroverts try to get information from others that is really important on this stage. TheyRead MoreThe Velocity Of Door Travel Essay853 Words   |  4 PagesOpening: Velocity of Door Travel: V=(Time to Open)(Distance Traveled)=(3.16 s)(1.25 m) = 0.40 m/s Power Requirement: P(W) =(Force Exerted)(Velocity) =(110 N)(0.40 m/s) = 43.56 W Translation to British Units: P (hp) =(43.56 W)(0.001341 hp/W) = 0.06 hp Closing: Velocity of Door Travel: V=(Time to Open)(Distance Traveled)=(2.12 s)(1.25 m) = 0.59 m/s Power Requirement: P(W) =(Force Exerted)(Velocity) =(540 N)(0.59 m/s) = 314.62 W Translation to British Units: P (hp) =(314.62 W)(0.001341 hp/W) = 0Read MorePrincipal Steps Of The Planning Phase1352 Words   |  6 Pagesthe project, the requirements are developed by the algorithmic approach of the project team. 2) Requirements Gathering ïÆ'Ëœ With the help of all the contributions of all the team members, a concept is developed for a new system. This new system concept is used as an origin to develop business analysis models which defines how a business will operate if a new system is originated. 3) System Proposal ïÆ'Ëœ System proposal is a document which comprises of analysis, models and system concept, which is usedRead MoreQuality Function Deployment1594 Words   |  6 Pagesensure the needs and satisfaction of customers can be achieved. There are various products on the market that have been produced with creativity and a uniquely distinctive and good functionality to attract customers to use it. To produce high quality products, there are several methods is used to study in detail the needs of customers today. One of the best methods is called Quality Function Deployment (QFD). QFD main focus is to meet the needs of customers as well as to understand their needs and toRead MorePhases, Steps, Techniques, And Deliverables1333 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribing the costs and benefits in each phase of Software Development Life Cycle. To execute each and every step in every phase we need to follow some of the techniques like getting known about the nature of the problem etc ,, and determining the organization’s objectives. This provides a general idea about shape of the new system. These are used as input to the design phase which refine them to produce a set of deliverables. These describes the detailed terms about how the system will be builtRead Moreâ€Å"Logical Design, Part 1† Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagestwo to three page paper titled â€Å"Logical Design, Part 1† whereas I am a recently hired consultant for ACME Global Consulting to procure requirements for a large database. In this scenario, â€Å"Logical Design, Part 1†, I will develop a database management systems to convince a set of clients of the benefits of using the Entity–Relationship model (E-R) in developing a database. In addition, my management would like the following points addressed in my design: (1). List the advantages of a relationalRead MoreCareer Episode-2 . C.E.2.1 Introduction. C.E.2.1.1 Duration:1139 Words   |  5 Pagesbuilding and installing High Frequency Tube Mill in 3G Metal Corp. Bawal, Rewari from June 2015 to December 2015. C.E.2.2.2 NATURE OF OVERALL PROJECT: The overall project was to design, build and install the High Frequency Tube Mill for 3G Metal Corp. in Bawal, Rewari. C.E.2.2.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT: - To design the Tube Mill flexible so that it can make round and square pipes in between 5/8 inches to 4 inches. -Complete the manufacturing and installation of the High Frequency Tube Mill for

“Despite all the problems associated with their use,...

Crime statistics published by the Home Office provide information regarding crime rates, the trends of which ethnicity, social class, areas in the country that commit the highest rates crime. The method that is used to collate the data. Quantitative methods such as questionnaires and secondary data are used by positivists (who see sociology as a science) which means that the problems with the methods used relate to the problems with crime statistics. There are many problems with official statistics, especially when they are showing trends in crime. The problems however, do not outweigh the beneficial factors that come with using crime statistics. Crime statistics is the type of data that is collected over long periods of time. The†¦show more content†¦People with high powered jobs in the course of their professional or business occupation include bribery and corruption, tax evasion and embezzling funds and other types of fraud. These crimes go unreported because these people are not under scrutiny or are not being observed because they have the authority - no one is above them. In addition, these crimes are dealt with in a different way. Rather than being handed to the policing authorities to be prosecuted in court, they are sacked, and their professional title would be striped of their possession. An example of White collar crime would be of the American company Enron. Enron grew unexpectedly to be America’s 7th largest company, employing 21,000 members of staff in more than 40 countries. The firm’s success was later to be explained by an elaborate scam. Enron had deceived their employees about their p rofits and stands accuse of a range of inexplicit deals, including concealing debts. More than six moths after a criminal inquiry was announced, the guilty parties have still not been brought to justice (CBC news). This means that crime statistics provide evidence that the middle and upper classes are unrepresented, thus translating to much importance to Marxists. Due to the fact that the higher classes are benefiting from crime, as they remain un-prosecuted, it supports the theory that the bourgeoisie in a Capitalist society are the ruling class. However, after considering the disadvantages and

Global Emissions and Economic Growth †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Global Emissions and Economic Growth. Answer: Introduction Climate change has become a pertinent issue in the world today. Climate change has been mainly in form of increased global temperatures, severe storms, and rising of the seal level. These poses a great risk in the existence of life on planet earth. According to studies, greenhouse gases are some of the primary causes of the changes in climatic conditions around the world. This becomes a matter of even greater concern given that human activities are some of the major sources of greenhouse gases. Governments, economists, scientists, and other sector which are directly affected by global change being in the forefront in trying to figure out the problems which might be faced by the change in climate. One such action was by the UK government which created a committee led by Stern in 2006(Stern, 2006) to determine whether it was prudent for the government to spend some of its money to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. This paper examines the need for curbing the emission of greenhou se gases and specifically CO2, in the light of the Stern report as examined by Kenneth J. Arrow (2011). The issue of reducing the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases have largely been controversial. Those against it saying that the costs incurred are high compared to the social benefit received. With the release of the Stern report, this matter became even more controversial. Arrow, in his paper, Global Climate Change: A Challenge to Policy, Chapter 2 revisits the Stern report. Using a higher time preference value than stern and a value of 2.1, Arrow examines whether the benefits of these costs are justified. Arrow, justifies that, the costs of mitigating the release of greenhouse gases is higher than the costs that the world will suffer in future due to an increased amount of CO2 in the air. Arrow further discusses the implications of failing to act and gives examples on how emission of green house gases could be reduced. The level of greenhouse gas emissions in the world are a major cause of the changes in global climatic conditions. Carbon II Oxide forms the largest part of the total global emissions. Table 1 shows the ratio of the major greenhouse gases emissions in the atmosphere. The problem of CO2 emission may not be problematic to the current generation, but in the near future, it is expected that the level of Carbon II Oxide present in the air, would have doubled compared to the amount that was present before the start of industrialization. Rise in the level of Carbon II Oxide present in the air would lead to an increase in the global temperatures. It is projected that if no efforts to reduce the level of carbon II Oxide are established and everything continues being business as usual, then the temperatures would rise by at least 2 degrees centigrade. The following diagram shows the Mean Annual Temperature for New Zealand. The blue and red bars show the difference in the temperature averages between 1971 and 2000. The black dotted line shows the linear trend in the increase in temperature. The temperature is seen to increase at about 0.960C every 100 years (NIWA, 2010). Rise in the global temperatures means more problems of food security. In most tropical countries, agriculture will be adversely affected and this would lead to cases of drought and famine. According to Arrow (2011) the agricultural productivity in Northern Russia and Canada will be affected positively. This is so because, as at present these places are too cold for agriculture to fully flourish and a rise in temperatures would make the conditions better. He further continues to state that glaciers will melt and this will result to a rise in sea level. If the sea level rises, some coasts will be submerged and in some instances whole islands. All these would be costs that the future generations will incur if the problem of rising Green House gases is not promptly addressed. To support the assumption that lack of action right now may be costly than taking action, Arrow, goes forward and uses the social benefit discount rate formula, , to find whether an investment in the struggle to reduce the level of Carbon II Oxide in the atmosphere is truly beneficial. Stern (2006) further argues that the benefits of curbing the rise in the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are damages which are prevented from taking place. From the stern report, damages will include both market damages and non-market damages (Stern, 2006). The expected GNP of the end of the next century will be less by 13.6% than what it is supposed to be. Before considering the impacts of the climatic change conditions, the base gross rate was taken to be 1.3% per year and after considering the climatic change, then the growth rate will be 1.2%. In simpler terms, if actions were taken to reduce CO2 emission, then the growth rate will increase from 1.2% per year to 1.3% per year. Giving a value of 2.1 and a value of 8.5%, a social rate of time preference which is termed as very high (a high rate of social time preference means that people put more value to their present well-being than in their future well-being), Arrow (2011), concludes that, the present value of the cost used to mitigate climate change (considered to be at 1% of the total GNP every year), are lower than the social benefits that are received from taking action (increase of GDP from 1.2% to 1.3%). Thus, Arrow justifies that, taking action is better than taking everything business as usual. This is not to say that, there exists no market failures. A market failure mainly involves situations whereby, as individuals continue to advance their own well-being, the results of their actions are not sufficient and could be improved(Varian, 2010). One source of market failure in trying to curb greenhouse gas emissions is externalities. Externalities are defined as the costs or benefits accrued by a party who did not choose to take that benefit or cost. US for example, is estimated to contribute about 25% of the total greenhouse gases emissions. These gases travel around the world and will not only affect USA but also other countries. The cost of the effects of these greenhouse gases on other countries, will not be compensated by USA. A further example is that, the future generations will not compensate the current generation the costs that they will incur in trying to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases. These two are examples of a market failure. Some of the ways which can be employed to reduce the level of CO2 emission in the world include, (a) using fuels that produce a higher proportion of energy in relation to the amount of CO2 they give out as a by-product of combustion, (b) improving technology to ensure that they are efficient in terms of combustion, this will mean more energy output per unit of fuel, thus reduce CO2 in the long-run, (c) developing technology that use a considerable lower amount of energy per unit of work done (reducing the use of energy means less combustion hence low CO2 emission, (d) reforestation, this is planting trees where they have been cut such as re-gazetting encroached land as forests and taking initiatives to plant trees, e) afforestation, this is planting trees where there were non, this does not only imply coming up with artificial forests but taking initiatives such as to plant trees along a highway and (f) reducing deforestation. Trees take up CO2 and give out Oxygen as a by-product. Th is will help to balance the level of CO2 in the air. Stern (2006), gave the social discount rate as . In this formula is the social rate of preference at a certain time. This is the current value that any social benefit is given compared to the well-being in future. In considering the curbing of carbon II Oxide emission. It will measure the value social benefits that would be accrued in the future in relation their valuation today. If the social time preference rate for reducing Carbon II Oxide is high, then it means that the world will be more focused on their well-being in the present time and the near future while low preference rate will mean that people are more concerned about their well-being in the further future than they are of the present. This implication means that if the is high, then the social discount rate of reducing Carbon II Oxide emission will be higher. People would not be interested in reducing Carbon II Oxide since the benefits of such an undertaking will be felt in the future not as at now. Is a projection on the growth rate of consumer consumption in the future. To properly calculate the social discount rate one must consider the change in consumption in future. is the measure of how elastic the social weight given to a change in consumption is. The two are calculated based on the economic assumption that as consumption changes presumably in the positive, then the value of consuming one more unit will decrease the social value in real terms. This is similar to the diminishing rate of marginal private utility when calculating private consumption. The term is aimed at discounting the rate of change in consumption. Any degree of uncertainty on the value of may raise the value of . This is so since, speaking in terms of say insurance, holding of stock and stock markets, people would prefer to work with a certain outcome than an uncertain outcome. People will always try to avoid risk as much as possible, where the outcome involves an uncertainty then the degree of risk is high (Arrow, 2011). Therefore, if the projected value of the change in consumption is uncertain, then the social benefits will also be uncertain. This will lower the perceived social benefit that will be accrued from any social project such as taking care of the environment. This would work negatively for any trials to reduce the amount of Carbon II Oxide being emitted. The aspect of how one treats the future is a matter of discussion between both philosophers and economists. The question is, how can the impacts of the future, specifically change in the level of consumption, be discounted to fit into the present? If the future c hanges in the level of consumption are uncertain, then measuring the social benefit discount rate becomes problematic and will result to a higher There are several implications that will arise if the social discount rate determined is high. A low social benefit discount rate will mean that the social benefits accrued from reducing Carbon II Oxide from the atmosphere today, have a low Net Present Value. This means that the benefits will be low compared to the money that is being used reduce these trace gases. With the continued involvement of human beings contribution to the rise in global temperatures this can be detrimental. Countries and people will argue that it is better to harvest the benefits of continued use of fossil fuels and other activities that may lead to rise in global temperatures today, than try to reduce such activities and in return have lower GDPs and economic growths. People have even argued that, the money which is being used to reverse global warming should be used on the worlds poor (Jonathan, 2010). Governments and individuals will therefore use less in curbing global warming and the implication is that as people continue doing business as usual, the level of CO2 would rise, world temperatures will increase, tropical storms will become more fierce, some countries costs and island might be submerged as sea level rises, weather patterns of the world will change, agriculture would be affected etc. In short, all the impacts of global warming might become a reality. It is important to notice that, in the last century, the rise in the level of CO2 in the air has much been contributed by human beings in terms of industrialization. So, as people continue to neglect the need for reduced CO2 emission, the levels might rise at a higher rate and the effects of global warming will be more evident. Table 4 shows the average rise in CO2 Emission by regions in the world due to fossil use and Cement Production (human activities). Some of the policies that have been put in place to reduce the amount of Carbon II Oxide emitted into the air have been ways of reducing the amount of fossil fuels and other fuels that have a large CO2 content used in production of energy and power. The argument being that more research should be done on renewable energy such as wind and Photovoltaic Systems (solar energy). To discourage the use of these fuels, governments have put up some of the following measures, (a) increased the tax that is charged on the use of these fuels, it is expected that with increased tax on fossil fuel such as coal, gasoline and natural gas, industries and individuals, will find it costly to be used for production of energy. They will therefore cut their usage and use only the amount that is enough for their processes and production. The idea is to make these fuels expensive and using the law of supply and demand, a higher price would mean less demand. Where demand is lower than the reduction of using these fuels would have been achieved. (b) Another approach which governments have used is setting up tighter regulations on the use of these fuels. These approaches have not always worked in the positive, as Adam Morton (2017) argues, taxation of carbon has led to a significant increase in prices of power. Most power is produced from generators running on either coal, natural gas, shale oil or diesel. A taxation on Carbon, means that producing power becomes expensive. The cost is transferred to the final consumer of power in form of prices. This has seen the price of power doubling. Strict regulations on the mining of coal and the use of generator running on coal to produce power have also been enacted. This has led to many power plants shutting down as they cannot meet these conditions. Investors are also uncertain on the future of using these fuels for production of power. This has made them to shy away from investing their money in plants that use these fuels to produce power. Table 3 shows the average increase in petrol prices in Australia. If taxation has had a direct impact on the prices of power, then this is another cost that Australians have to pay if they are to reduce the amount of carbon II oxide released into the air. Higher power prices mean more overhead costs for production companies and the transport industry. This would have the effect of raising the cost of living since the costs are always transferred to the consumer (Morton, 2017). Furthermore, as more power plants close down, those employed in these plants will lose their job. Such activities often lead to a reduce Nominal GDP. Thus, the cost of curbing greenhouse gases emission would be costly for Australians. Using the formula of the social discount rate, , to find the net present value of such approaches, then the cost of reducing greenhouse emission into the atmosphere would be considered higher. A high cost when discounted, will lead to a lower Net Present Value since the benefits of reducing the amount of Greenhouse gases will not have increased. In terms of social benefits that are gotten from such an initiative, it will mean less benefits relative to the cost that is being achieved to realize these benefits. This will therefore mean a higher value of in Australia. To Australians, reducing the level of greenhouse gases emissions would be expensive. The value of the social discount rate,can be affected by the time preference value that is given to. Where a social planner is involved in determining the value of, , then the effects could be higher. Social planners are concerned about the social well-being of any society, he or she as the decision maker, tries to achieve the best results of any social undertaking for all parties that are involved. However, in most case, the social planners are governments, in addition to achieving the best welfare conditions for their citizens, governments too have other goals too. In most cases, the public choice theory is used as an economic tool to explain the options that a government has when it comes to determining what is best for their citizens. The public choice theory also contains studies on political behaviour especially on the self-interests of all groups, say voters, politicians and bureaucrats. In most cases, the behaviour of a countys citizens will influence how the leadership of a country makes decisions (R.G, 1989). Politicians decisions are influenced by the voting patterns of voters and what the voters want. This can be explained better using public economics and game theory. Reducing the amount of carbon emissions in most cases involves increasing tax on fuels that have high CO2 waste, closing down of industries that use fuel, and reducing the amount of such fuel used in the economy. This would lead to closing of industries, worker retrenchments, higher costs of living etc. this is in contradiction of what most governments struggle to give their citizens. Such an implication will mean that social planners will give the social time preference a higher discount rate. To them, the cost of reducing the carbon II Oxide and other trace gases is costly and does not translate to immediate social benefits. A good example of such an action is by the US government which withdrew from the Paris Climate Accord which its main aim is to control global warming. The main concern of the US government being that its citizens had much more to lose as at present if these proposals of reducing CO2 were implemented. If more social planners follow suit, then the value given to might decrease considerably. An increase in the value of , means that, social planners are more interested in the well-being of a society today, and are giving it a higher value than the well-being of the society in the future. Moreover, unlike governments which have infinite lifespans, individuals have a higher time preference value since they have a short life, that means that they will be more concerned about the present than the future. Governments and social planners therefore, while calculating the social discount rate, will use a higher time preference to please the needs of their immediate society. They will as a result strive to ensure that a societys well-being at the present is maximized despite the effects it will bring in the future. This will in turn mean a reduced Net present Value of the projects undertaken to reduce the emission of Carbon II Oxide. Given the equation , the increase in the value of , will translate to the increase in the value of . How social planners value , has a direct impact on . It is the hope of Sternss report, (2006) and Arrow (2011), that social planners, in this case governments, will see the need of taking action against the increasing emission of Carbon II Oxide today. They both concur that, though the costs that will be incurred while curbing the rate of Carbon II Oxide in the atmosphere might be high today, they are much less than the costs that will be as a result of increased global warming in future. According to Stern: It is much better to act today and reduce CO2 emission than wait and suffer the consequences of failing to meet this challenge. References Arrow, K. J. (2011). Global Climate Change. A clallenge on Policy. Australian Institute of Petroleum, https://www.aip.com.au/pricing/index.htm BP (2016). BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2016. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html IEA (2014). Energy Statistics of OECD Countries and Non- OECD Countries. International Energy Agency, Paris IEA (2016). Decoupling of global emissions and economic growth confirmed. International Energy Agency, Paris. Retrieved From: https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2016/march/decoupling-of-global-emissions-and-economic-growth-confirmed.html IPCC, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/mindex.shtmlJonathan, L. (2010, January 31). Climate Change Study was Misused. Retrieved from Sunday Times: https://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7009710.ece Morton, A. (2017). Energy crisis: Wholesale power prices have doubled since the carbon tax was axed." . Retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/energy-crisis-wholesale-power-prices-have-doubled-since-the-carbon-tax-was-axed-20170308-gutf8t.html Morton, Adam (2017). Energy crisis: Wholesale power prices. (n.d.). NBS (2016). Annual data on Energy; Fossil fuel data for 19982014. Retrieved from: https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=C0. NIWA, https://www.niwa.co.nz/climate/faq/have-greenhouse-gas-emissions-caused-global-temperatures-to-riseNOAA (2016b). Global Gas Flaring Observed from Space. Global Gas Flaring Estimates 20122014. Retrieved From: https://ngdc.noaa.gov/eog/viirs/download.global.flare.html and https://ngdc.noaa.gov/eog/download.html PBL (2016). Are global CO2 emissions still rising? PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague. Reteieved From: https://infographics.pbl.nl/ website/globalCO2/ R.G, H. (1989). The Median Voter Model in Public Choice Theory. Public Choice,115125. Stern, N. (2006). The Economics of Climate Change. Retrieved from https://mudancasclimaticas.cptec.inpe.br/~rmclima/pdfs/destaques/sternreview_report_complete.pdf Varian, H. (2010). Intermediate Microeconomics: A modern Approach. New York: Norton Co.